When was staphylococcus saprophyticus first discovered

The gastrointestinal tract is the major reservoir of S. In an early study, Latham et al. Rupp et al. The urine sediment of a patient with UTI caused by S. Colonization is more frequent during the summer and fall. Hovelius et al. None of the women developed symptomatic UTI during the next 6 months. Further support for the existence of a rectal reservoir was the isolation of the same plasmid-identified clone from both urine and stool samples [ 22 ].

The remarkable selective susceptibility of young women to colonization by S. They isolated the microorganism from the genital tracts of 4. These observations are in accord with numerous clinical reports [ 9—17 ] that UTI caused by S.

The microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly during the gastroenteritis season in the summer and fall, and this is probably the reason for this seasonal variation in the incidence of UTI caused by S.

However, there was no seasonal variation in Western Australia and Israel [ 11 , 16 ]. There is a strong association between the use of condoms coated with nonoxynol 9 and the occurrence of UTI [ 23 ], which suggests that vaginal spermicides interfere with the normal vaginal flora and promote colonization by S. Other associations include outdoor swimming prior to colonization and occupations related to meat processing and meat products [ 6 ].

The seasonal variation in the prevalence of colonization by S. The microorganism was found to contaminate Nevertheless, S. However, recurrence of UTI due to S. In addition, single-dose therapy with quinolones is less effective than a 3-day course [ 27 ]. The virulence factors of S. The hemagglutinin appears to be more important than adherence factors in enabling colonization of kidney tissue in rats [ 29 ].

Hedman et al. Clinical features. Common symptoms of inflammation of the lower tract, such as hematuria and pyuria, were seen more often among patients with colonization of S. In addition, S. In addition, Jellheden et al. These observations provide a framework for the sequence of events in the pathogenesis of infections caused by S. Humans acquire the microorganism from direct exposure to animals or inadequately cooked animal food products. Young women are more susceptible to genitourinary colonization than are others, and some people develop infection in association with hormonal influences that occur near or during menstruation.

Sexual intercourse promotes colonization and infection. Alterations in the genital flora effected by spermicides or candidal infection favor colonization by S. Anal intercourse may play a role in infection in homosexual men. Research questions.

The following questions need to be answered: can the microorganism be transmitted by human-to-human contact? If so, is casual contact among family members sufficient, or is more intimate contact needed, such as vaginal or anal intercourse?

How long does the carrier state last? How often do carriers develop UTI? What triggers UTI in some carriers? Does long-term colonization protect against infection? Does infection result in immunity? Are some strains more urovirulent than others? Do the same or different clones cause recurrent infections? How many microorganisms need to be ingested to produce gastrointestinal colonization? Can more thorough cooking or irradiation of meat products reduce the incidence of infection?

Can genital colonization occur independently of gastrointestinal colonization? What is the role of vaginal pH and commensal microbes?

What is the natural history of S. How often do such women acquire urolithiasis? Is climate important? The answers to these and other questions should improve our understanding of this fascinating microorganism and hopefully lead to its control. We would like to thank Ms. Frances Nachmani and Ms. Hana Edelstein for preparing the manuscript. Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: no conflicts. Google Scholar. Google Preview.

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Ortega Morente, R. Le Bouter, R. Leclercq, and V.

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In this study, we showed that there was a high variability in the composition of the biofilm formed by S. The most common type of biofilm produced by this bacterium contained protein or PDSs. The biofilm components appear to differ between food-related and human infection isolates and between clones, suggesting that modulation of biofilm composition could be a key step in S.

Our data further showed the possible origin and multiple acquisition of the ica gene cluster in S. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.

Written informed consent for participation was not obtained from the owners because Oral informed consent was obained for animal participation. The sampling was done as part of the routine infection control program and no additional sampling was perfomed.

The samples were non-invasive or minimal invasive and were the animal commensal bacteria and not animals that were studied. OL and MB performed the phenotypic experiments. OL performed the bioinformatics analysis. OL and MM carried out the data analysis and interpretation and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. OL was supported by Ph. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Supplementary Figure 1 Maximum likelihood tree of S. Each node represents different strains and node of the same color belonged to the same lineage. The core genome alignment was constructed using CSI-Phylogeny.

Recombination regions were removed using Gubbins and the phylogenetic tree reconstructed using RAxML with general time reversible model and bootstrap value for node support. Supplementary Figure 2 A Biofilm present after treatment with biofilm degrading agents in 63 S. Data presented are means and standard errors of the present biofilm after treatment compared to control sodium acetate expressed in percentage.

B Biofilm present after treatment with biofilm degrading agents for 63 S. Data presented are means and standard errors after treatment compared to control sodium acetate measured at OD nm. Supplementary Figure 3 Comparison of icaC environment in S. Darker shade colored region depicts highest homology and genes are represented by arrows facing the direction of transcription.

IcaC and its vicinity found in S. Supplementary Figure 4 Structure and comparison of ica gene cluster found in a S. The vicinity of the ica genes was compared with the draft genome of S. Supplementary Table 1 Characteristics of S. Supplementary Table 2 Characteristics of S.

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