How do indonesians adapt to their environment

This increases biodiversity and water availability seemed to increase slowly, which is particularly important in case of drought. When precipitation is scarce community members noticed more water.

Usually they plant the rice three times during the year. Another adaptation strategy is reforestation of the least productive rice fields. They used to cultivate the steep slopes that are far from the river. They decided to change this because they need more time to access this land, it takes a lot of labor to prepare the land and people are getting too old to farm the land because some young people are migrating to the cities for better opportunities. Climate change and drought are making the soil less fertile, so they prefer to convert this agricultural land back to forest by planting teak.

Teak requires less attention. They can cut and harvest [the teak] anytime they want. Teak is good for land productivity, for the water, for the biodiversity and for reducing carbon. Q: Was there any difficulty persuading people to use these long-term solutions rather than short-term? A: I think you can have both. People experienced a lot of changes in the land use in the last 20 years. Forests were completely converted to agricultural land, so they noticed the changes in the water quality.

Communities will tell you we have this natural forest and now it has been cut down and converted to a plantation and we noticed a decline in the water availability. In the tropics, the trees grow very fast. In years it can be a forest again.

They noticed improvements in the water after years of regrowing forests. So, this is really encouraging. The farming association started distributing seedlings, helped to create rules on how to cut and when to prune these trees, the distance they should have between each other, as well as a formal rule that says every time they cut one tree, they should try to plant at least 10 others.

They also have all these informal social rules — they even take pride in taking care of their gardens. In another case, the village chief noticed that the forest was getting very degraded.

Gaveau, D. Rapid conversions and avoided deforestation: examining four decades of industrial plantation expansion in Borneo. Hafsi, R. Water Sci. Higginbottom, T. Deforestation dynamics in an endemic-rich mountain system: conservation successes and challenges in West Java — Hijmans, R. IQAir Jakarta Air Quality Analysis and Statistics. IUCN Kadarusman, Y. Improving sustainable development within Indonesian palm oil: the importance of the reward system.

Knutson, T. Tropical cyclones and climate change. Kurniawan, R. Economic growth and sustainable development in Indonesia: an assessment. Indones Econ. Loon, A. Van, Gleeson, T. Drought in the Anthropocene. Lu, X. Analysis of the adverse health effects of PM2.

Total Environ. Luo, K. Impacts of rapid urbanization on the water quality and macroinvertebrate communities of streams: a case study in Liangjiang New Area. China Sci. Lyons, K. Why is Indonesia Moving its Capital City? Everything you Need to Know. Margono, B. Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over — Marvel, K.

Twentieth-century hydroclimate changes consistent with human influence. Nature , 59— Mavridis, D. Ethnic diversity and social capital in Indonesia. Mckinney, M. Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosyst. Measey, M. Indonesia: a vulnerable country in the face of climate change. Major E-J. Myers, N. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. The signatures of Anthropocene defaunation: cascading effects of the seed dispersal collapse. R Core Team Rahman, S.

Influence the condition land subsidence and groundwater impact of Jakarta coastal area. IOP Conf. Earth Environ. Ritter, M. Rohr, J. Towards common ground in the biodiversity— disease debate. Salim, W. Hamnett, and D. Forbes, London: Routledge , — Siagian, T. Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Indonesia: driving factors and policy implications.

Hazards 70, — Sodhi, N. Fossil fuel from oil and coal should be replaced by natural gas, cleaner nuclear energy and geothermal energy.

Indonesia plays a dual role in climate change issues, taking its impact but also being able to provide solutions on global carbon absorption and in oxygen emission.

Global warming takes its course in Indonesia with surface temperatures increasing from 0. This impacts precipitation patterns, causing a wetter climate in Sumatra and Kalimantan but drier seasons in Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara. Decreased rainfall during critical times of the year may increase high drought risk, while increased rainfall during already wet times of the year may lead to high flood risk. Meanwhile, due to global warming, the sea-level rise in the coastal areas of Indonesia will be increasing at the rate of millimeter per year making more people at risk of flooding and seawater intrusion.

Climate change causes significant declines in fish larvae abundance and large-scale changes in fish habitat, such as skipjack tuna, while the massive coral bleaching leads to widespread loss of coral reefs and biodiversity, including the fish that many Indonesians rely on for food and livelihoods. Impacts on human health are also inevitable. There are more frequent and severe heat waves, floods, extreme weather events and prolonged droughts leading to increased injury, illness and death.