Where is somatostatin found

How is somatostatin controlled? What happens if I have too much somatostatin? What happens if I have too little somatostatin? Last reviewed: Feb Prev. Related Glands. Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Pancreas View all Glands. Related Endocrine Conditions. Acromegaly Diabetes mellitus Somatostatinoma View all Endocrine conditions. It also has the effect in suppressing pancreatic exocrine secretions , by inhibiting cholecystokinin -stimulated enzyme secretion and secretin -stimulated bicarbonate secretion.

Somatostatin is secreted by scattered cells in the GI epithelium, and by neurons in the enteric nervous system. It has been shown to inhibit secretion of many of the other GI hormones, including gastrin , cholecystokinin, secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. In addition to the direct effects of inhibiting secretion of other GI hormones, somatostatin has a variety of other inhibitory effects on the GI tract, which may reflect its effects on other hormones, plus some additional direct effects.

Somatostatin suppresses secretion of gastric acid and pepsin , lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine. Collectively, these activities seem to have the overall effect of decreasing the rate of nutrient absorption. Somatostatin is often referred to as having neuromodulatory activity within the central nervous sytem, and appears to have a variety of complex effects on neural transmission.

Injection of somatostatin into the brain of rodents leads to such things as increased arousal and decreased sleep, and impairment of some motor responses.

Somatostatin and its synthetic analogs are used clinically to treat a variety of neoplasms. This is not shown in SST 2 receptor knock-out mice despite it having been shown that the effects of peripheral somatostatin on gastric acid secretion are via the SST 2 subtype. This suggests there are somatostatin-independent mechanisms compensating for the lack of inhibitory input by somatostatin [ 61 ].

Another study involving SST 2 knock-out mice shows that somatostatin suppresses gastric acid secretion via the SST 2 receptor subtype, by inhibiting the actions of gastrin [ 48 ]. Activation of somatostatin receptors is known to result in the inhibition of peristalsis in the jejunum, and knock-out studies provided evidence of SST 2 -mediated as well as non-SST 2 -mediated constituents of this inhibition [ 1 ].

The somatostatin family of receptors consists of five subtypes, differentially distributed throughout the CNS and periphery. Activation of these receptors stimulates multiple intracellular cascades to modulate growth hormone release, insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric acid secretion and neuronal activity.

Many synthetic ligands for the receptors have been produced and are under trial for use as treatment for endocrine tumours. As yet there is a lack of subtype-selective ligands which limits their usage as well as hindering further functional studies of the receptor subtypes. There is currently only a limited number of selective and non-selective antagonists available, and future development of these will prove useful in discovering more about this family of receptors.

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Oncotarget Single cell transcriptomic profiling of large intestinal enteroendocrine cells in mice—identification of selective stimuli for insulin-like peptide-5 and glucagon-like peptide-1 co-expressing cells.

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